(1) Calculation of UN women based on information provided by permanent missions to the United Nations. Countries with monarchy -based systems are excluded from the number of heads of state.
(2) Calculations of UN women.
(3) Calculation of UN women based on information provided by permanent missions to the United Nations. Six leaders occupy positions both head of state and head of government. Countries with monarchy -based systems are excluded from the number of heads of state.
(4) UN Interparliamentary Union and Women, Women in politics: 2025.
(5) Ibid.
(6) Ibid.
(7) Interparliamentary union. Women in national parliaments, on January 1, 2025.
(8) Ibid.
(9) Ibid.
(10) Ibid.
(11) Calculations of UN women.
(12) Interparliamentary union. Women in national parliaments, on January 1, 2025.
(13) UN women, Local women. Data on January 1, 2024.
(14) Ibid.
(15) United Nations (1995). Beijing declaration and platform for actionCritical area G, “Women, power and decision -making”.
(16) United Nations, Economic and Social Council (2021). Complete and effective participation of women in public life, as well as the elimination of violence, for the realization of gender equality and the empowerment of all women and girls: report by the Secretary General (E / CN.6 / 2021/3).
(17) R. Chattopadhyay and E. Duflo (2004). “Women as political decision -makers: evidence of a randomized political experience in India”, Econometrica 72 (5), pp. 1409–1443; Ka Bratton and LP Ray. 2002. “Descriptive representation: Political results and municipal coverage of daycare in Norway”, American Journal of Political Science, 46 (2), pp. 428–437.
(18) Inter-parliamentary Union (2008). Equality in politics: an investigation into men and women in parliaments.
(Updated page on March 11, 2025.)