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You are at:Home»Health»Drowning
Health

Drowning

December 13, 2024016 Mins Read
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Key facts

  • There are approximately 300,000 deaths from drowning worldwide each year.
  • Drowning disproportionately affects children and young people. Children under the age of 5 account for almost a quarter of all drowning deaths.
  • Drowning is the fourth leading cause of death for children ages 1 to 4 and the third leading cause of death for children ages 5 to 14.
  • Ninety-two percent of drowning deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries.
  • Resolutions approved by the United Nations General Assembly and the World Health Assembly provide a roadmap for global drowning prevention efforts.

Preview

Drowning is the process of respiratory impairment resulting from submersion/immersion in liquid. Outcomes are categorized into death, morbidity and no morbidity.

The global burden of drowning, however, affects all economies and regions:

  • drowning mortality rates are more than three times higher in low- and middle-income countries than in high-income countries;
  • more than half of the world’s drownings occur in the WHO Western Pacific Region and the WHO South-East Asia Region;

Since 2000, the global rate of drowning deaths has decreased by 38%, from 6.1 to 3.8 per 100,000 population. Despite this progress, drowning deaths remain a preventable public health crisis, and the declines observed over the past two decades are far from enough to achieve the many Sustainable Development Goals to which drowning prevention contributes.

Risk factors

Age

Young children are at particularly high risk of drowning due to an underdeveloped ability to assess risk and a lack of swimming and water safety skills. The risk of drowning increases when children interact with water without active adult supervision.

Children and young adults ages 0 to 29 account for more than half (57%) of all drowning deaths. The highest population drowning rates are among children aged 0 to 4 years. Regionally, drowning rates among children aged 0 to 4 years are highest in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region, with 16.8 deaths per 100,000 population. In the WHO Western Pacific Region, children aged 5 to 14 years die more frequently from drowning than from any other cause.

Sex

The drowning mortality rate for men is more than twice that of women. Men are also more likely to be hospitalized than women for non-fatal drowning. Studies suggest that higher drowning rates among men are due to increased exposure to water and riskier behaviors such as swimming alone, drinking alcohol before swimming alone, and boating.

Poverty and inequality

Drowning disproportionately affects poor and marginalized people. Whether it is the use of ponds, rivers or lakes for bathing and washing clothes, or open wells to collect water, the daily pattern of exposure in low-income countries or intermediate results in a higher risk of drowning.

Professional exhibition

People in occupations such as commercial or subsistence fishing face a much higher risk of drowning. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations estimates that more than 32,000 fishermen die working each year. Climate change has worsened the dangerous conditions in which most fishermen work, as extreme weather and natural disasters become more frequent and destructive.

Climate-related risks

Climate change is causing more extreme weather events, like floods and heatwaves. Drowning accounts for 75% of deaths during catastrophic floods. Drowning risks from flooding are particularly high in low- and middle-income countries, where early warning systems and flood mitigation infrastructure are underdeveloped.

Heat waves increase the risk of drowning. As temperatures rise, more people seek out water for relief from the heat and generally spend longer periods of time in and on the water.

Water transport

Traveling on water, especially in dangerous weather conditions or without proper safety equipment, can increase the risk of drowning. In many low- and middle-income countries, water transport is significantly less regulated than in high-income countries. Daily travel often takes place on overcrowded and unsafe vessels, operated by personnel who have not been trained to recognize dangerous conditions or navigate the open seas.

Migration and search for refuge

Increasing numbers of people are displaced or migrate due to conflict, political and/or economic instability and climate change. Many people resort to irregular migration routes that are extremely dangerous, including across large bodies of water in unsafe conditions, often using overcrowded and unsafe vessels lacking safety equipment or operated by staff. untrained.

Prevention

There are many actions to prevent drowning. Covering wells, using door gates and playpens, fencing swimming pools, and controlling access to water hazards significantly reduces exposure and risk from water hazards.

Community-based, supervised child care for preschool children can reduce the risk of drowning and has other proven health benefits. Teaching school-age children the basics of swimming, water safety and safe rescue techniques is another approach. But these efforts must be undertaken with a focus on security and comprehensive risk management that includes security-tested curricula, a secure training area, student screening and selection, and Student-instructor ratios established for safety.

A WHO investment case modeling investment in drowning prevention by 2050 shows that scaling up just two interventions saves money. By investing in child care programs for preschoolers and teaching children basic swimming skills, 774,000 fewer children would drown by 2050. An additional 178,000 children would avoid serious injury, potentially fatal, due to non-fatal drowning. over the same period. Scaling up these two interventions is expected to result in savings of over US$400 billion, a return 9 times greater than the value of the cost of scaling up the interventions.

Effective policies and legislation are also important for drowning prevention. Establishing and enforcing navigation, shipping and ferry safety regulations are essential to improving safety on the water and preventing drowning. Building flood resilience and managing flood risks through better disaster preparedness planning, land use planning and early warning systems can prevent drowning during catastrophic floods.

Developing a national water security strategy can provide strategic direction and a framework to guide multi-sectoral action and enable monitoring and evaluation of efforts.

WHO response

The Global Status Report on Drowning Prevention shows that drowning mortality rates have declined significantly in recent years, but drowning remains an urgent and often overlooked global health problem. Governments must strengthen proven prevention measures and prioritize drowning prevention and its integration into other public health programs.

In April 2021, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the first-ever resolution on drowning prevention, which highlighted links to sustainable development, social equity, urban health, climate change, reduction disaster risks and the health and well-being of children. The resolution called on WHO to coordinate multisectoral drowning prevention efforts within the United Nations system and announced July 25 as the date World Drowning Prevention Day.

In May 2023, the Seventy-sixth World Health Assembly adopted a resolution to accelerate further action through 2029. Through this resolution, WHO committed to establishing a Global Alliance for the Prevention of drowning with organizations of the United Nations system, international development partners and NGOs. In addition, WHO will prepare a global status report on drowning prevention, which will be published in 2024.

At the country level, WHO works with ministries of health in several low- and middle-income countries, guiding the development of national drowning prevention strategies and supporting the implementation of drowning prevention interventions based on evidence. In addition, WHO has also funded research in low-income countries exploring priority issues related to drowning prevention. At the regional level, WHO organizes training programs and organizes workshops to bring together representatives of governments, NGOs and UN agencies working on drowning prevention.

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